9. Patient and caregiver teaching

• Perineal skin care and barrier application — gentle cleansing, moisture-barrier use, and containment — with return demonstration.
• Distinguishing normal from concerning skin and the early signs of breakdown, dermatitis, and infection.
• The warning signs of a necrotizing infection — severe pain, discoloration, and feeling very unwell — and to seek emergency care.
• Moisture and incontinence management to prevent dermatitis and breakdown.
• Device or catheter entry-site care where applicable (catheter detail in Urinary/Renal).
• When to call the agency versus when to activate EMS.