9. Patient and caregiver teaching

• Epistaxis control — firm continuous pressure to the soft nose, leaning forward, for a timed interval — with return demonstration.
• When epistaxis requires emergency care (not controlled, large volume, light-headedness), with a lower threshold on anticoagulants.
• Cannula skin care — padding, repositioning the tubing, and skin checks — to prevent pressure injury.
• Humidification and mucosal-moisture measures to reduce bleeding on oxygen.
• Sinus-symptom self-care and when facial pain, swelling, or fever requires evaluation.
• When to call the agency versus when to activate EMS.